This mound is encircled by a massive mud-brick wall or platform, which is now eroded down to the modern plain level. This area of the city was built on top of a mound of bricks almost 12 metres high. The various features of the Harappan town planning is given below: Granaries: The granary was the largest structure in Mohenjo-daro, and in Harappa there were about six granaries or storehouses. Ancient Indus Valley and related civilization citadel excavations. Earth and debris excavated from the houses and streets of DK-I area was dumped directly onto parts of the unexcavated mound, making it difficult to discern where the original mound ends and where the dirt pile begins. Mohenjo-daro Citadel Gateway ACC - Citadel Gateway Southeast Room associated with the massive fired brick walls at the southeastern corner of the Citadel Mound. This mound is encircled by a massive mud-brick wall or platform, which is now eroded down to the modern plain level. See slide 26Q for a view from the north. A large staircase ran up the side of this mound. To the left, at the southern end of the mound are the remains of Indus period buildings in area L. Mohenjo-daro An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis. The UM excavations conducted by Dr. G. F. Dales in 1964-65 exposed a massive mud brick platform on top of which were built numerous brick buildings separated by narrow lanes. The citadel was huge.The citadel was almost impossible to conquer. A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city. Some cities like Mohenjodaro, Harappa, and Lothal had elaborate storehouses. Some of the later houses in HR area were constructed on top of massive deposits of garbage consisting of brick rubble, broken pottery and sometimes a thin layer of crushed, vitrified terracotta nodules. Narrow brick walls define the outlines of a small room or courtyard in the low-lying area between L and SD Areas on the Citadel Mound. The foundations of many houses were constructed on top of massive mud brick platforms such as this one eroding from the edge of the mound along the major east-west street dividing HR and VS areas. However, the walls of these buildings do not survive. Overview of excavated remains of the so-called city wall and gateway at the southeast edge of the citadel mound at Mohenjo-daro. The eroded edges of the "citadel" mounds are covered with red brick dust and pottery, with traces of lighter mud brick revealing the underlying platforms that form the foundations of the uppermost buildings. Ancient Sparta had a citadel, as did many other Greek cities and towns. Situated about 270 km. Archaeologists have found several large platforms and foundations made out of brick. There was also an inter-communicating gate between the two. A large staircase ran up the side of this mound. The brick walls and rooms have been fully exposed. The citadel was fortified by a tall mud-brick rampart that had rectangular salients, or bastions, placed at frequent intervals. At the western end of the site is an area known as the Citadel. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. Room associated with the massive fired brick walls at the southeastern corner of the Citadel Mound. Several large buildings and structures on the Citadel mound suggest that this area may have been used for public gatherings, religious activities or important administrative activities. Wheeler identified this structure as a fortification wall and postern gate. about Mohenjo-daro Citadel Gateway Excavations [112], about Group of towers at the south-eastern corner of the Citadel, Mohenjo-daro [117], about "Citadel" of late 3rd mill Kanri Buthi, Bahlol Valley, about Nodule and Pottery Foundation fill, HR Area, about Lower Town: HR Area mud brick platforms, about Eroded surface of the mound DK-I Area, Mohenjo-daro Citadel Gateway Excavations [112], Group of towers at the south-eastern corner of the Citadel, Mohenjo-daro [117], "Citadel" of late 3rd mill Kanri Buthi, Bahlol Valley, Nodule and Pottery Foundation fill, HR Area. The Buddhist stupa was built directly on top of the ancient Harappan buildings. Column bases and shallow holes still exist in the platforms, suggesting that they were meant to hold wooden columns or supports. The Citadel. For example, in Mohenjodaro, a very special tank, which archaeologists call the Great Bath, was built in this area. The Citadel mound at Mohenjo-daro. These were used for storing grain. In addition to mud- bricks, stone rubble was liberally used for construction. Between the citadel and the Ravi River there existed barracklike blocks of … In the second century B.C. The Buddhist stupa was built directly on top of the ancient Harappan buildings. This area of the city was built on top of a mound of bricks almost 12 metres high. The term is a diminutive of "city" and thus means "little city", so called because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. At the western end of the site is an area known as the Citadel. north-west of Ahmedabad in Gujarat the settlement pattern of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Kalibangan was repeated here. Small buildings which were probably homes do exist on the Citadel mound, however, they are not common. "Citadel" of late 3rd mill Kanri Buthi, Bahlol Valley. The eroding surface is littered with over fired nodules, pottery, brick fragments and other artifacts that are heavily encrusted with efflorescent salts. The Harappan city was divided into the upper town (also called the Citadel) and the lower town. The bricks were laid in an interlocking pattern and that made the walls strong. a stupa was built on the top of this mound. Wheeler identified this structure as a fortification wall and postern gate. The excavations revealed that Harappa was similar in plan to Mohenjo-daro, with a citadel resting on a raised area on the western flank of the town and a grid-plan layout of workers’ quarters on the eastern flank. The pathway leading from VS to DK-I area follows the natural topography of the mounds. Excavations of the gateway area viewed from the southeast, looking northwest. The eroded edges of the "citadel" mounds are covered with red brick dust and pottery, with traces of lighter mud brick revealing the underlying platforms that form the foundations of the uppermost buildings. Since brick walls usually do survive, many archaeologists now believe that some large buildings at Mohenjo-daro were probably built out of wood. In some cities, special buildings were constructed on the citadel. As at Kalibangan, both the citadel and the lower town were fortified.

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