The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. In press, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25884 (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Evaluating the association of clinical characteristics with neutralizing antibody levels in patients who have recovered from mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. Google Scholar. 323, 1561–1562 (2020). 26, 1033–1036 (2020). A novel human coronavirus (HCoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in Wuhan, China, during December … Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-specific antibody responses in coronavirus disease patients. In relation to COVID-19, the following was found: 17.7% pauci-symptomatic, 1.3% symptomatic, 5.5% contact with cases, 4.9% confined, and 0.3% PCR positive. CDC’s home for COVID-19 data. Lancet 396, 313–319 (2020). Dis. JAMA. J. Biol. Estimates were highest among 18-39 year-olds (4.9%), and lowest in children 2-17 years (1.7%). All travelers should wear a mask, stay 6 feet from others, avoid crowds, and wash their hands. Barzin A, Schmitz JL, Rosin S, Sirpal R, Almond M, Robinette C, Wells S, Hudgens M, Olshan A, Deen S, Krejci P, Quackenbush E, Chronowski K, Cornaby C, Goins J, Butler L, Aucoin J, Boyer K, Faulk J, Alston-Johnson D, Page C, Zhou Y, Fiscus L, Damania B, Dittmer DP, Peden DB. Ed Slot or Hans L. Zaaijer. Such an approach would slowly build up immunity in the population, mitigating the impact on health-care systems and intensive care capacities and reducing the intensity of future waves of the pandemic. 16, 1678–1685 (2020). SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection in healthcare workers in Germany with direct contact to COVID-19 patients. ADS  PubMed  Eur. To study the consistency of false-reactive test results, archived samples of multiple associated pre-outbreak donations were tested, if available. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Because of the current situation in the Netherlands even fully vaccinated travelers may be at risk for getting and spreading COVID-19 variants and should avoid all travel to the Netherlands. Adam, D. Special report: the simulations driving the world’s response to COVID-19. These patients had a documented PCR-positive test result, were at least 14 days fully recovered from mild to severe COVID-19 symptoms and were sampled in the study period. Infection-induced herd immunity might arise when enough people become infected and develop antibodies to the virus, in addition to people with non-antibody-mediated immunity or with SARS-CoV-2 pre-existing immune reactivity16,17. M.M., J.K. and J.I. A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in humans. Bethesda, MD 20894, Copyright The disease was first documented in humans in China in December 2019. Notably, however, 39.7% of participants reported having a high-risk health condition, which is similar to reported national estimates. Downscaling public health interventions, including social distancing, in the absence of population-based immunity may significantly increase the Rt and fuel the COVID-19 pandemic, possibly resulting in uncontrollable virus spread. A hundred days into the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Social distancing and lockdown interventions were implemented nationwide on 15 March 2020, when all restaurants, cafés, bars, discotheques, coffeeshops, musea, concert halls, theatres, sports clubs, saunas, sex clubs, universities, schools and childcare centres were closed and specific restrictions on public events, gatherings, work and travel became mandatory47. Meyer, B., Drosten, C. & Müller, M. A. Serological assays for emerging coronaviruses: challenges and pitfalls. (2021), Cell Reports Medicine - lynxgav/COVID19-schools 194, 175–183 (2014). Seroprevalence based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies. 2020 Aug 22;396(10250):535-544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31483-5. Online ahead of print. Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation report. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situatio... Wu F, et al. Lancet 395, 1101–1102 (2020). Clin. 52, 911–916 (2011). Epub 2020 Jul 6. We therefore assumed there were 385/7,000 test-positives. 369, m1375 (2020). For example, in the US the average flu IFR is 0.078%, compared to 0.669-1.169% for COVID-19. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, can lead to severe inflammation and has been suggested to induce autoimmune phenomena. This indicates that the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive individuals in the Netherlands remained far below the 50–67% HIT during the first months of the COVID-19 epidemic. Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 28;jech-2020-215678. The seroprevalence surveys CDC is conducting include large-scale geographic surveys, community level surveys, and smaller-scale surveys focusing on specific populations in order to learn information about COVID-19. The study was funded by Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport. Lassaunière, R. et al. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20056325 (2020). Epub 2021 Feb 23. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). While the majority of patients show only mild or moderate symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ failure (MOF) and death. Serologic Screening of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Cats and Dogs during First Coronavirus Disease Wave, the Netherlands Shan Zhao, Nancy Schuurman, Wentao Li, Chunyan Wang, Lidwien A.M. Smit, Els M. Broens, Jaap A. Wagenaar, Frank J.M. If you must travel to the Netherlands, get fully vaccinated before travel. JAMA Intern Med. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). Zheng, J. SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. Vaccines (Basel). Because antibodies to the virus may not be detected during the first weeks post infection, it can be assumed that more people were infected between 27 February 2020 (first Dutch COVID-19 case) and April 2020 (the moment of sampling). The coronavirus pandemic has brought countries to a standstill. Subjects were enrolled in the study if they were accepted for routine donation, without further selection and in accordance with European laws and guidelines34,35. Logistic regression and chi-square analysis showed that the seroprevalence in donors aged 18–30 years was significantly higher than in other age groups (4.2% vs 2.4%; p = 0.026; Table 1). It is unclear whether the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in blood reflects immunity, be it short term or long term15,33,36. 2021 Apr 20;107:116-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.059. Roback, J. D. & Guarner, J. Convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19: possibilities and challenges. CAS  N. Engl. The first long-term seroprevalence study of residents in Wuhan, China, has found that 6.9% of people in the city had antibodies against COVID … The 2.7% seroprevalence found in our study shows that, 1 month into the outbreak and more than 2 weeks after social distancing and lockdown interventions were implemented, the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positive individuals in the population tested was far below the 50–67% HIT. 25, 2000550 (2020). The distribution of SARS-CoV-2 total antibody signals in ex-COVID-19 patients was comparable, but not identical, to regular plasma donors who seroconverted; low-positive signals were found more often in regular plasma donors than in ex-COVID-19 patients. Additionally, young adults may play an important role in viral spread, opposed to children up until 12 y … Article  21, 2020 , 6:30 PM. Smith, P. G. Concepts of herd protection and immunity. The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Advisory Council of Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation on March 27, 2020. Therefore, the presence of potential antibody-mediated immunity may have been higher than 2.7%. mBio. Wu, F. et al. The 188 donors with confirmed seroconversion and the 12 donors from whom no pre-outbreak sample was available were considered seropositive in the subsequent analyses. (2021). In total 7,361 donations from regular plasma donors were tested, of which 248 (3.4%) were initially reactive and 230 (3.1%) were repeat reactive in the Wantai total antibody assay. Although the number of donations tested varied between the municipal health regions from 0.83 to 8.27 per 10,000 inhabitants, the weighted seroprevalence was 2.73%, which is identical to the unadjusted seroprevalence. New blood donors in times of crisis: Increased donation willingness, particularly among people at high risk for attracting SARS-CoV-2. Multiple studies have reported autoantibodies in patients with COVID-19, particularly anti-cardiolipin, anti-β2-glycoprotein I and antinuclear antibodies.1 2 Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and flaring of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after SARS-Cov-2 … , https: //www.edqm.eu/en/blood-guide ( 2017 ) D. A. J travel to the Netherlands divided into municipal health regions... 2.6 % ) donors have been infected with COVID-19 at some point in the phase... Assign SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among a Southern U.S. population Indicates limited asymptomatic spread under distancing. 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