For the Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction, we included wolf reference samples of partial and full mitochondrial genomes obtained from GenBank (see Tables S2 and S3). (2017). Regardless of its formal taxonomic status, the Himalayan wolf population fulfils the criteria to be designated an 'evolutionary significant unit' (ESU) based on its discrete distribution and genetic divergence according to several genetic markers (Conner & Hartl, 2004; Moritz, 1994). Furthermore, speciation can be facilitated through strong habitat clines (Doebeli & Dieckmann, 2003), such as the dramatic altitudinal difference that separates the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas from the surrounding, lower‐lying regions. , which aims to plug the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this elusive species. We thank Xinning Shao for providing Sichuan samples. Above: A Himalayan wolf pup (© Geraldine Werhahn). Learn about our remote access options, E-mail address: geraldine.werhahn@zoo.ox.ac.uk, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati‐Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney, UK, IUCN SSC Canid Specialist Group, Oxford, UK. northern Qinghai, Qilianshan and Sichuan) at lower elevations showed signs of admixture with grey wolves. This was a result of major orogenic events initiated during the Eocene epoch, when India and Asia collided, and the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau were uplifted. Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Our results indicated that the Himalayan wolf mtDNA haplotype is linked to the genetic hypoxia adaptation. The Himalayan Wolves Project is developed and led by Geraldine Werhahn. We successfully amplified four SNP loci of hypoxia pathway‐related genes for 59 fecal samples from TAR, Sichuan and Qinghai in China, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Figure 1c; Table S4). The wolf is the largest extant member of Canidae, males averaging 40 kg (88 lb) and females 37 kg (82 lb). Our results corroborate previous studies showing that the Himalayan wolf forms a distinct lineage adapted to high altitudes in excess of 4,000 m elevation. Admixed individuals are characterized by Himalayan wolf mtDNA and intermediate microsatellites, Mean and standard variance of elevation for wolf samples carrying different alleles of hypoxia pathway‐related genes. Use of single/ limited numbers of samples to infer population measures should be avoided due to the potential confounding impact of admixture which is clearly present. Learn more. The results from wolves in TAR and Qinghai corroborated the previously described, unique Himalayan wolf haplotypes for both the ZFX and ZFY (Werhahn et al., 2018), with a few exceptions that may indicate introgression (see Table S6). No two sponsorship packages are the same so we work with our sponsors to create a partnership that best suits their business needs. A subset of 110 samples were successfully genotyped at 17 microsatellite loci previously screened as Himalayan wolf, using the same methods as reported in Werhahn et al. The software package STRUCTURE (Pritchard, Stephens, & Donnelly, 2000) was used to estimate admixture among the different wolf populations. Species delimitation in the genomic era and its implications for conservation, Phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation to high‐altitude hypoxia in vertebrates, Phylogenetic systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae), Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs, Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography and population history of the grey wolf Canis lupus, EPAS1 variants in high altitude Tibetan wolves were selectively introgressed into highland dogs, Transverse alpine speciation driven by glaciation, The geographical distribution of grey wolves (Canis lupus) in China: A systematic review, Populations and conservation genetic of canids, Himalayan wolf foraging ecology and the importance of wild prey, Conservation implications for the Himalayan wolf Canis (lupus) himalayensis based on observations of their packs and home sites in Nepal, The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high‐altitudes and consequences for conservation, Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: Towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal, Sequencing of 50 human exomes reveals adaptation to high altitude, Hypoxia adaptations in the grey wolf (Canis lupus chanco) from Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, A preliminary study on timing of the oldest Pleistocene glaciation in Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. GW was supported by an Oxford‐Lady Margaret Hall‐NaturalMotion Graduate Scholarship. All information from the Himalayan Wolves Project. There are only about 350 living today. A Roy, P Rathore – Remote Sensing of Northwest Himalayan Ecosystems, 2018 Oct, The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation; Geraldine Werhahna, Helen Senn, Muhammad Ghazali, DibeshKarmacharya, Adarsh ManSherchan, Jyoti Joshi, Naresh Kusi, José Vincente, López-Bao, Tanya Rosen, Shannon Kachel, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, David W.Macdonald; Global Ecology and Conservation,  2018 Oct, Understanding Public Perceptions to Carnivores: Examining Communities in Upper Mustang, Nepal; A Upraity – 2018 Sep, [PDF] Conservation implications for the Himalayan wolf Canis (lupus) himalayensis based on observations of packs and home sites in Nepal We explore possible mechanisms behind the separation of the Himalayan lineage to aid accurate systematic assessments and conservation planning. We thank Wang Jun, Bai Defeng, Chen Pengju and Pan Guoliang of Beijing Forestry University, Wildlife Institute, for samples collection in TAR, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Based on multiple genetic markers, the Himalayan wolf forms a reciprocally monophyletic lineage with a unique adaptation to high altitude. When considering the hypoxia pathway results combined with the mtDNA and microsatellite data of the same individuals, we found that the hypoxia adaptation present in the Himalayan wolves of Nepal and TAR appeared to be linked to a diagnostic mtDNA Himalayan wolf haplotype. Yellow-breasted greenfinch (Chloris spinoides), Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus), Robin Accentor (Prunella rubeculoides), Streaked Rosefinch (Carpodacus rubicilloides), Black-winged Snowfinch (Montifringilla adamsi), Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar), Fire-Fronted serin (Serinus pusillus), Rufous-tailed Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis), Tibetan Blackbird (Turdus maximus) Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus), Grandala (Grandala coelicolor), Plain Mountain finch (Leucosticte nemoricola). Receive our latest offers, stories & event news, direct to your inbox, Edinburgh Zoo and the Highland Wildlife Park are owned by The Royal Zoological Society of Scotland. Dietary spectrum in Himalayan wolves: comparative analysis of prey choice in conspecifics across high-elevation rangelands of Asia. I lead the Himalayan Wolves Project, at WildCRU at Oxford University, which aims to plug the knowledge gaps in our understanding of this elusive species. Find out more   I Agree, RZSS Edinburgh Zoo Visit the only koalas and pandas in the UK. RZSS Highland Wildlife Park See endangered mountain and tundra species in a stunning Highland setting. The Himalayan wolf lineage predominated above 4,000 m elevation, whereas grey wolves were present at lower elevations (Figure 4). Phylogeny and ecology of the Himalayan wolf (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oxford) Werhahn, G., 2020. The related change in climate, habitat type, prey composition and geographic distance contribute to isolation, genetic drift and selective divergence as the lineages evolve independently (Geffen, Anderson, & Wayne, 2004; Leonard, 2014; Pilot, 2006). Genetics data is a vital part of this work, and to this end, the Himalayan Wolves Project and, http://www.himalayanwolvesproject.org/genetics/, http://www.rzss.org.uk/news/article/13163/himalayan-wolves-phase-3-from-across-the-himalayas/, http://www.himalayanwolvesproject.org/wolf-field-research-on-the-qinghai-tibetan-plateau-of-china-2017/, http://www.himalayanwolvesproject.org/new-paper-conservation-of-the-himalayan-wolf-in-nepal/, https://www.wildcru.org/news/himalayan-wolves-are-special/, https://www.wildcru.org/news/potential-new-species-of-wolf/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TilOuJaV1wM&feature=youtu.be, The ancient Himalayan wolf: genetics and conservation - RZSS WildGenes and the Himalayan Wolf Project. Some admixed individuals showed grey wolf variants at particular loci, but usually only one gene had a characteristically grey wolf allele while the rest presented the Himalayan wolf hypoxia adaptation (Figure 1c; Table S5). Common Raven (Corvus corax) Himalayan large-billed Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos), Redshank (Tringa totanus), Himalayan Griffon Vulture (Gyps himalayensis), Himalayan Snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis), Tibetan Snowcock (Tetraogallus tibetanus), Himalayan Monal (Lophophorus impejanus), The presence of both admixed individuals and grey wolves in Qilianshan (lower‐elevation habitats), versus only admixed individuals in Sichuan (high‐elevation habitats) points to the importance of elevation to the presence of Himalayan wolves. We also plotted each hypoxia gene allele against the elevation of the individuals sampled (Figure 5) to gain additional insight into potential selection at each locus. In these habitats, the hypoxia adaptation may be less advantageous, and introgression may originate from grey wolves in inner and northern Mongolia, or from dispersal through the Altun Mountains connecting Qilianshan and the mountains of Central Asia (i.e.

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