HIMALAYAN MOUNTAINS. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres (250 mi) in the west to 150 kilometres (93 mi) in the east. The range has many of Earth's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest, at the border between Nepal and China. In Jainism, Mount Ashtapad in Himalayas is a sacred place where the first Jain Tirthankara, Rishabhdeva attained moksha. East of the Kathmandu Valley lies the valley of the Bhote/Sun Kosi river which rises in Tibet and provides the main overland route between Nepal and China – the Araniko Highway/China National Highway 318. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. The mountains’ high peaks rise into the zone of perpetual snow. To the south of these lies Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal and the largest city in the Himalayas. [38][39] [13] An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone from this ancient ocean.[15]. Using the Koppen climate classification, the lower elevations of the Himalayas, reaching in mid elevations in central Nepal (including the Kathmandu valley), are classified as Cwa, Humid subtropical climate with dry winters. From this visual reference point you can select whether you’d like to trek, climb, or ski, and then hone in even further to trip length and time of year. Srinagar receives around 723 millimetres (28 in) around half the rainfall of locations such as Shimla and Kathmandu, with the wettest months being March and April. For example, a bark extract from an abies pindrow tree is used to treat coughs and bronchitis. By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia – Aconcagua, in the Andes – is 6,961 metres (22,838 ft) tall. The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional changes due to climate change. The vast size, huge altitude range and complex topography of the Himalayas mean they experience a wide range of climates, from humid subtropical in the foothills to cold and dry desert conditions on the Tibetan side of the range. [36] This gives rise to a variety of climates from a nearly tropical climate in the foothills, to tundra and permanent snow and ice at higher elevations. [48] The Himalayas is also considered to be the father of the river Ganges. Its eastern anchor, Namcha Barwa, is just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River (upper stream of the Brahmaputra River). Thus although annual precipitation is generally higher in east than the west, local variations are often more important. There is also gold, silver, copper, zinc, and many other such minerals and metals located in at least 100 different places in these mountains. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [23] The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about 12,000 km3 (2,900 cu mi) of fresh water. [31], Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake outburst flood. +1-307-690-4834 (anytime of day or night). [40][41], The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. China administers some 14,000 square miles (36,000 square km) in the Ladakh district of Kashmir and has claimed territory at the eastern end of the Himalayas within the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. There is coal located in Kashmir, and precious stones located in the Himalayas. [30], The Buddhists also lay a great deal of importance on the mountains of the Himalayas. (ed.) The vegetation is sparse and stunted and the winters are severely cold. The extremes of high altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold favor extremophile organisms.[26]. in association with Moddie, A.D.. Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. In the middle of the great curve of the Himalayan mountains lie the 8,000 m (26,000 ft) peaks of Dhaulagiri and Annapurna in Nepal, separated by the Kali Gandaki Gorge. The Himalayas, or Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪə, hɪˈmɑːləjə/), (Sanskrit: himá (हिम, "snow") and ā-laya (आलय, "abode, receptacle, dwelling")), is a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayas here are becoming increasingly rugged with heavily forested steep valleys. [7][full citation needed], The name of the range derives from the Sanskrit Himālaya (हिमालय, "Abode of the Snow"), from himá (हिम, "snow") and ā-laya (आलय, "receptacle, dwelling"). The Himalayas themselves stretch uninterruptedly for about 1,550 miles (2,500 km) from west to east between Nanga Parbat (26,660 feet [8,126 metres]), in the Pakistani-administered portion of the Kashmir region, and Namjagbarwa (Namcha Barwa) Peak (25,445 feet [7,756 metres]), in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Manhattan, NY, T: +216 (0)40 3629 4753 Though India, Nepal, and Bhutan have sovereignty over most of the Himalayas, Pakistan and China also occupy parts of them. Another example of the diversity amongst the Himalayan peoples is that handwoven textiles display colors and patterns unique to their ethnic backgrounds. During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian Plate (which has subsequently broken into the Indian Plate and the Australian Plate[14]) was moving at about 15 cm (5.9 in) per year. [34], Temperate Himalayan wetlands provide important habitat and layover sites for migratory birds. Maps, too large for insertion in such a volume as this, are required for a study of the Himalayan mountains: the titles of maps illustrating the text are given in footnotes and are procurable from the Map Issue Office of the Survey of India in Calcutta.

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