[16], The skull and teeth of Allosaurus were modestly proportioned for a theropod of its size. Allosaurus fragilis, the best-known species, had an average length of 8.5 m (28 ft), with the largest definitive Allosaurus specimen (AMNH 680) estimated at 9.7 meters (32 feet) long, and an estimated weight of 2.3 metric tons (2.5 short tons). [24] A furcula (wishbone) was also present, but has only been recognized since 1996; in some cases furculae were confused with gastralia. According to their biomechanical analysis, the skull was very strong but had a relatively small bite force. In 1996, the same team discovered a second Allosaurus, "Big Al II". [113] Today, this bone tissue is only formed in female birds that are laying eggs, as it is used to supply calcium to shells. [22] Most of the species that are regarded as synonyms of A. fragilis, or that were misassigned to the genus, are obscure and were based on scrappy remains. [17] A. amplexus was originally coined by Cope in 1878 as the type species of his new genus Epanterias,[38] and is based on what is now AMNH 5767, parts of three vertebrae, a coracoid, and a metatarsal. However, they found that the specimen was undiagnostic, and thus A. lucaris was a nomen dubium. It is derived from the Greek ἄλλος (allos) ("different, other") and σαῦρος (sauros) ("lizard / generic reptile"). (meaning the authors found the specimens to be most like those of Allosaurus, but did not or could not assign a species to them). [7], The skull had a pair of horns above and in front of the eyes. [70][90] L. sulcatus, named by Marsh in 1896 for a Morrison theropod tooth,[71] which like L. stechowi is now regarded as a dubious Ceratosaurus-like ceratosaur. This type of jaw would permit slashing attacks against much larger prey, with the goal of weakening the victim. Dinosaurs known from the Morrison include the theropods Ceratosaurus, Ornitholestes, Tanycolagreus, and Torvosaurus, the sauropods Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, Cathetosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Suuwassea, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, Barosaurus, Diplodocus, Supersaurus, Amphicoelias, and Maraapunisaurus, and the ornithischians Camptosaurus, Dryosaurus, and Stegosaurus. [142], Allosaurus coexisted with fellow large theropods Ceratosaurus and Torvosaurus in both the United States and Portugal. Allosaurus fragilis wurde im Durchschnitt 11–12 Meter lang, 3–5 Meter hoch und etwa 1,5 Tonnen schwer. [95] These were interpreted as Torvosaurus remains in 2012. If the allosaurs' stress fractures were caused by damage accumulating while walking or running this bone should have experience more stress fractures than the others. fragilis. [50] The authors suggested that Allosaurus used its skull like a machete against prey, attacking open-mouthed, slashing flesh with its teeth, and tearing it away without splintering bones, unlike Tyrannosaurus, which is thought to have been capable of damaging bones. He came to the conclusion that the tail vertebra named Antrodemus by Leidy was indistinguishable from those of Allosaurus, and Antrodemus thus should be the preferred name because, as the older name, it had priority. Dinofest International, Proceedings of a Symposium, Academy of Natural Sciences. They also suggested that the architecture of the skull could have permitted the use of different strategies against different prey; the skull was light enough to allow attacks on smaller and more agile ornithopods, but strong enough for high-impact ambush attacks against larger prey like stegosaurids and sauropods. [1][11][64][65] This species differs from A. fragilis in several anatomical details, including a jugal or cheekbone with a straight lower margin. [11], "Allosaurus agilis", seen in Zittel, 1887, and Osborn, 1912, is a typographical error for A. [134], The brain of Allosaurus, as interpreted from spiral CT scanning of an endocast, was more consistent with crocodilian brains than those of the other living archosaurs, birds. [9] Using the subadult specimen nicknamed "Big Al", since assigned to the species Allosaurus jimmadseni,[1] researchers using computer modelling arrived at a best estimate of 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb) for the individual, but by varying parameters they found a range from approximately 1,400 kilograms (3,100 lb) to approximately 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb). How dinosaurs' jaws influenced diet", "Allosaurus fed more like a falcon than a crocodile: Engineering, anatomy work reveals differences in dinosaur feeding styles", 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2.0.CO;2, http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/22490/1/102.pdf, "Head-biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs: Paleopathological evidence", 10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[103:AROCPH]2.0.CO;2, "Prey bone utilization by predatory dinosaurs in the Late Jurassic of North America, with comments on prey bone use by dinosaurs throughout the Mesozoic", Specimens, discussion, and references pertaining to, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allosaurus&oldid=982881487, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Distortions of the joint surfaces of the tail vertebrae, possibly due to, Coossification of vertebral centra near the end of the tail, Exostosis in a pedal phalanx possibly attributable to an infectious disease, A metacarpal with a round depressed fracture, This page was last edited on 10 October 2020, at 23:07. Remains may reach as far back in the lifespan as eggs—crushed eggs from Colorado have been suggested as those of Allosaurus. Its presence in the Allosaurus individual has been used to establish sex and show it had reached reproductive age. [86], A. amplexus was named by Gregory S. Paul for giant Morrison allosaur remains, and included in his conception Saurophagus maximus (later Saurophaganax). [22] Likewise, "Labrosaurus fragilis" is a typographical error by Marsh (1896) for Labrosaurus ferox. [83][84] However, a recent overview of Ceratosaurus included it in Ceratosaurus sp. [62] However, more material may show it to be A. fragilis, as originally described. [94] Also, reports of Allosaurus in Shanxi, China go back to at least 1982. [109] Given modern knowledge of theropod diversity and the advent of cladistic study of evolutionary relationships, none of these theropods is now recognized as an allosaurid, although several, like Acrocanthosaurus and Yangchuanosaurus, are members of closely related families. The first described fossil in this history was a bone obtained secondhand by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden in 1869. The specimen MOR 693 had pathologies on five ribs, the sixth neck vertebra, the third eighth and 13th back vertebrae, the second tail vertebra and its chevron, the gastralia right scapula, manual phalanx I left ilium metatarsals III and V, the first phalanx of the third toe and the third phalanx of the second. The roof of the braincase was thin, perhaps to improve thermoregulation for the brain. [73], "Wyomingraptor" was informally coined by Bob Bakker for allosaurid remains from the Morrison Formation of the Late Jurassic. [7] There was also what is interpreted as the splint-like remnant of a fifth (outermost) metatarsal, perhaps used as a lever between the Achilles tendon and foot. [1], A. fragilis is the type species and was named by Marsh in 1877. in 2010. [28] Studies done by Stephen Lautenschager et al. The forelimbs of Allosaurus were short in comparison to the hindlimbs (only about 35% the length of the hindlimbs in adults)[26] and had three fingers per hand, tipped with large, strongly curved and pointed claws.

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